We examine the equity valuation effect of press releases of upgrades or downgrades reflected in the Covalence Ethical Quote, an index ranking the ethical performance of multinational firms. The index is updated quarterly and is comprehensive enough to include 45 criteria reflecting working conditions, impact of product, impact of production, and company institutional impact. Thus, it captures many dimensions of firms’ ethical performance that are not accounted for in previous research. Our research encompasses a joint test of the value relevance (...) of the index itself and the impact of ethical reputation on a firm’s value. We find first a significant causal relationship between stock market reactions and changes in the CEQ. Specifically, disclosures of positive changes in firm ethical performance cause increases in firm value. Second, cross-sectional analysis indicates a positive association between changes in firm ethical performance and both its financial performance and its financial reporting quality. Collectively, these results suggest that the CEQ conveys information that is useful to investors. Further, corporate measures taken to increase ethical performance are associated with positive benefits to shareholders. Finally, investors have concluded that good news about their firms’ efforts to be ethical is worth the cost. (shrink)

XLVIII+462 S., geb., € 49,90. ISBN 978‐3‐7705‐5281‐8.

This paper presents, assesses, and compares six diagrammatic methods for Categorical Syllogistic. Venn’s Method is widely used in logic textbooks; Carroll’s Method is a topologically indistinguishable version of Venn’s Method; and the four remaining methods are my own: the Dual of Carroll’s Method, Gardner’s Method, Gardner–Peirce’s Method, and Ladd’s Method. These methods are divided into two groups of three and the reasons for switching from a method to another within each group are discussed. Finally, a comparison between the Dual of (...) Carroll’s Method and Ladd’s Method supports the main result of the paper, which is an approximation of the two groups of methods. (shrink)

I present the realist conception of logic supported by Oswaldo Chateaubriand which integrates ontological and epistemological aspects, opposing it to mathematical and linguistic conceptions. I give special attention to the peculiarities of his hierarchy of types in which some properties accumulate and others have a multiple degree. I explain such deviations of the traditional conception, showing the underlying purpose in each of these peculiarities. I compare the ideas of Chateaubriand to the similar ideas of Frege, Tarski and Gödel. I suggest (...) a view of the logical properties in terms of the Aristotelian notion of focal meaning and I give a formal expression to the type of the entities in the hierarchy proposed by Chateaubriand. (shrink)

O Método de Gardner – um método por dígrafos para a Silogística – implementa a concepção de proposições categóricas como expressões de subordinação e de não-subordinação entre pares de conceitos; nele, a representação das proposições universais é mais complexa do que a representação das proposições particulares. Neste trabalho desenvolverei uma implementação da Silogística na qual as proposições categóricas são expressões de instanciação e de não-instanciação de pares de conceitos. Adaptarei o Sistema Beta dos Grafos Existenciais de Peirce ao Método de (...) Gardner. Essa adaptação tem o mérito de igualar a complexidade da representação das proposições categóricas, mas introduz outros inconvenientes. (shrink)

Most, perhaps all, non-classical logics are a blend of classical logic with extralogical elements. Possibly this thesis has no general proof, and only a casuistic argument can be provided. I discuss a case of paraconsistency that results of applying a “filter” to two syllogistics. These syllogistics incorporate two ideas of Nikolai Vasiliev: the idea of a complete system of contrary judgements, and the idea of double judgements. I also show how these results can be extended to propositional logic, with the (...) aid of the conjunctive and disjunctive normal forms. Despite the non-classical appearance, it is used, without exception, the classical notion of deductive validity: a conclusion cannot carry more information, but may carry less information than the information carried by the collection of the premisses. (shrink)

A maioria, talvez todas, as lógicas não-clássicas são um amálgama da lógica clássica com elementos extralógicos. Possivelmente esta tese nao possui uma prova geral, mas somente um argumento caso a caso possa ser fomecido. Discuto um caso de paraconsistência que resulta da aplicação de urn "filtro" a duas silogísticas. Essas silogísticas incorporam duas idéias de Nikolai Vasiliev: a idéia de um sistema completo de juízos contrários, e a idéia de juízos duplos. Tarnbém mostro como esses resultados podem ser estendidos à (...) lógica proposicional, com a ajuda das formas nornais conjuntiva e disjuntiva. Apesar da aparencia não-clássica, utilize-se, sem exceção, a noção clássica de validade dedutiva: uma conclusão não pode veicular mais inforrnação, mas pode veicular menos inforrnação, do que a informação veiculada pelo conjunto das premissas. (shrink)

I provide a proof method for First Order Monadic Predicate Logic. This method uses the Normal Form of Herbrand and the Disjunctive and Conjunctive Normal Forms for Propositional Logic. The validity is determined by mere inspection of the presence and arrangement of formulas that act as informational atoms. The exact relationship between First Order Monadic Predicate Logic and the extended syllogistic developed during the nineteenth century is established by the Normal Form of Herbrand.

As Redes Dialéticas visam a representação dos elementos de uma disputa: as asserções do Proponente e do Oponente, e as ações de ataque e de defesa. Proponho uma representação diagramática – o Diagrama Dialético – e uma representação algébrica – o Grafo Dialético – das Redes Dialéticas. Este trabalho está limitado aos aspectos estático-estruturais das Redes Dialéticas.

Anthony Shiver (2013) desenvolveu dois jogos de cartas lógicas para a prática da derivação no contexto da Lógica Proposicional Clássica. Embora ele tenha apresentado os contornos gerais desses jogos, muitos detalhes do desenho deles estão faltando. Neste artigo proponho uma metodologia para o desenho detalhado do primeiro dos jogos de Shiver. Esta metodologia utiliza uma abordagem informacional para a seleção das cartas do baralho, que conforma-se a critérios de alcançabilidade de cada carta e de balanço entre elas.

A Lógica Contemporânea dá pouca ou, mesmo, nenhuma atenção à construção de argumentos para uma conclusão dada, diferentemente do que ocorre nos Analíticos Anteriores, de Aristóteles. O procedimento de Aristóteles foi, posteriormente, compilado sob a forma de um diagrama lógico conhecido como “Ponte de Asnos” (Pons Asinorum). Neste trabalho proponho um procedimento para a construção de argumentos para uma dada conclusão, no âmbito da Lógica Proposicional Clássica, abstraído do procedimento de Aristóteles. Utilizo a noção de informação semântica como fio de (...) Ariadne para a obtenção do procedimento. (shrink)

Hume's Law, according to which an ought cannot result from an is, and its reciprocal, according to which an is cannot result from an ought, occupy salient positions in discussions on metaethics. In this paper I will show logical relations between distinct formulations of Hume's Law and of its reciprocal. I will show, also, how these formulations are related to theses sustained by important thinkers such as Poincaré, Nelson, Jörgensen and Hare.A Lei de Hume, pela qual um dever ser não (...) pode resultar de um ser, e a sua recíproca, pela qual um ser não pode resultar de um dever ser, ocupam posições proeminentes nas discussões de metaética. Neste trabalho mostrarei relações lógicas entre distintas formulações da Lei de Hume e da sua recíproca. Também mostrarei como essas formulações estão relacionadas a teses sustentadas por importantes pensadores como Poincaré, Nelson, Jörgensen e Hare. (shrink)

I will apply a technique employed by Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri in Logica demonstrative to concisely prove the invalidity of moods of the First Figure of the Theory of the Assertoric Syllogism without appealing to facts outside logic.

: I give two interpretations of the supreme rules of all syllogisms provided by Kant in his pre-critical essay “The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures”. One interpretation understands literally, i.e., grammatically, the expressions ‘positive syllogism’ and ‘negative syllogism’; the other interprets them non-literally, i.e., it interprets them logically.

Autor (2020) desenvolveu duas semânticas informacionais para a Lógica Sentencial Clássica, decorrentes da utilização de formais normais. A abordagem informacional em questão utiliza unidades mínimas de informação (infons) para realizar o trabalho lógico. Neste artigo, expandiremos a aplicação da abordagem informacional às lógicas sentenciais polivalentes finitas mediante um procedimento dedicado à extração de unidades mínimas de informação (infons). Tal procedimento decorre do trabalho com tablôs semânticos para Lógicas Sentenciais Polivalentes Finitas desenvolvido por Carnielli (1982).

Analisarei estruturas resultantes da utilização coordenada de múltiplos silogismos, e investigarei o problema de normalização de tais estruturas.

Formulações da validade dedutiva clássica costumam recorrer explicitamente a modalidades: por exemplo, um argumento é classicamente dedutivamente válido se, e somente se, necessariamente se as premissas forem verdadeiras, a conclusão também é verdadeira. Não é possível abolir completamente esse apelo ao discurso modal, porque a lógica clássica é o domínio das possibilidades. Não obstante, pode-se, por intermédio de uma semântica informacional, evitar que o usuário da lógica clássica tenha de manipular modalidades, ainda que elas estejam, de algum modo, imbricadas nos (...) infons – unidades mínimas de informação. A partir do trabalho pioneiro de Carnap e de Bar-Hillel, apresentarei duas semânticas informacionais: uma delas diretamente relacionada a mundos possíveis, e a outra relacionada aos duais de mundos possíveis. (shrink)

A formalização de noções pré-teóricas não é uma ciência, mas uma arte. Isso se evidencia quando temos de decidir o que é indispensável e o que é prescindível na passagem do intuitivo para o formal. Exemplifico esse tipo de dificuldade com a formalização de uma noção intuitiva de coleção finita de objetos. A observância de maior fidelidade à noção pré-teórica, mesmo que desnecessária da perspectiva formal, resultou em duas novas definições de conjunto finito.

A Lei de Hume, pela qual um dever ser não pode resultar de um ser, e a sua recíproca, pela qual um ser não pode resultar de um dever ser, ocupam posições proeminentes nas discussões de metaética. Neste trabalho mostrarei relações lógicas entre distintas formulações da Lei de Hume e da sua recíproca. Também mostrarei como essas formulações estão relacionadas a teses sustentadas por importantes pensadores como Poincaré, Nelson, Jörgensen e Hare.

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a versão carrolliana de dois paradoxos clássicos e um original, acompanhadas da reconstrução e exame do tratamento lógico oferecido por Carroll e de como tais paradoxos foram tratados por outros autores.

O livro reúne textos apresentados no II Workshop de Filosofia e Ensino, realizado na UFRGS em 2015, com a temática "Epistemologia e Currículo" -/- .

According to standard linguistic theory, the meaning of an utterance is the product of conventional semantic meaning and general pragmatic rules on language use. We investigate how such a division of labor between semantics and pragmatics could evolve under general processes of selection and learning. We present a game‐theoretic model of the competition between types of language users, each endowed with certain lexical representations and a particular pragmatic disposition to act on them. Our model traces two evolutionary forces and their (...) interaction: (i) pressure toward communicative efficiency and (ii) transmission perturbations during the acquisition of linguistic knowledge. We illustrate the model based on a case study on scalar implicatures, which suggests that the relationship between underspecified semantics and pragmatic inference is one of coevolution. (shrink)

For centuries, the processes of social differentiation associated with Modernity have often been thought to intensify the need for site-specific forms of role training and knowledge production, threatening the university’s survival either through fragmentation or through failure to adapt. Other lines of argument emphasize the extent to which the Modern system creates and relies on an integrated knowledge system, but most of the literature stresses functional differentiation and putative threats to the university. And yet over this period the university has (...) flourished. In our view, this seeming paradox is explained by the fact that modern society rests as much on universalistic cosmological bases as it does on differentiation. The university expands over recent centuries because – as it has from its religious origins – it casts cultural and human materials in universalistic terms. Our view helps explain empirical phenomena that confound standard accounts: the university’s extraordinary expansion and global diffusion, its curricular and structural isomorphism, and its relatively unified structure. All of this holds increasingly true after World War II, as national state societies made up of citizens are increasingly embedded in a world society constituted of empowered individuals. The redefinition of society in global and individual terms reduces nationally bounded models of nature and culture, extends the pool of university beneficiaries and investigators, and empowers the human persons who are understood to root it all. The changes intensify universalization and the university’s rate of worldwide growth. For the university’s knowledge and “knowers,” and for the pedagogy that joins them together, the implications are many. The emerging societal context intensifies longstanding processes of cultural rationalization and ontological elaboration, yielding great expansions in what can and should be known, and in who can and should know. These changes in turn alter the menu of approved techniques for joining knowledge and knower as one. The “knowledge society” that results is distinguished by the extraordinary degree to which the university is linked to society. But it is also distinguished by the degree to which society is organized around the university’s abstracted and universalized understandings of the world and its degree-certified graduates. (shrink)

Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of certain kinds of natural hazard events in alpine areas. This interdisciplinary study addresses the hypothetical possibility of relocating the residents of three alpine areas in Austria: the Sölk valleys, the Johnsbach valley, and the St. Lorenzen/Schwarzenbach valleys. Our particular focus is on these residents’ expectations about such relocations. We find that (1) many residents expect that in the next decades the state will provide them with a level of natural hazards protection, aid, (...) and relief that allows them to continue to live in these valleys; (2) this expectation receives some legal protection but only when it is associated with fundamental rights; and (3) the expectation is morally significant, i.e., it ought to be considered in assessing the moral rightness or justness of relocation policies. These results suggest legal changes and likely extend to many other (Austrian) alpine areas as well. (shrink)

In recent decades, the individual has become more and more central in both national and world cultural accounts of the operation of society. This continues a long historical process, intensified by the consolidation of a more global polity and the weakening of the primordial sovereignty of the national state. Increasingly, society is culturally rooted in the natural, historical, and spiritual worlds through the individual, rather than through corporate entities or groups. The shift has produced a proliferation and specification of individual (...) roles, accounting for what individuals do in society. It has also produced an expansion in recognized individual personhood, accounting for who individuals are in the extrasocial cosmos and fueling elaborated personal tastes and preferences. Where it has been contested, the shift to the individual has also produced a rise in specializing identities. These offer accounts of individuals' distinctive linkages to the cosmos, and they serve to bolster individual claims to standard roles and personhood. Over time, specializing identities tend to get absorbed into roles and personhood. And in turn, expanded roles and personhood provide further bases for specializing identity claims. Because many theorists mischaracterize the relationship of specializing identities to roles and personhood, the literature often overemphasizes the anomic character of the identity explosion and the closeness of the coupling between social roles and identity claims. On the contrary, specializing identities tend to be edited to remain within general rules of individual personhood and to be disconnected from the obligations involved in institutionalized roles. (shrink)

The pathogenic, Gram‐negative bacteria, Neisseria gon‐orrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae, secrete immunoglobulin A1 proteases into their extracellular surroundings. An extraordinary feature in the secretory pathway of these putative virulence factors is a self‐directed outer membrane transport step allowing the proteins to be secreted autonomously, even from foreign Gram‐negative host cells like Escherichia coli. Here we summarize recent achievements in the understanding of IgA protease outer membrane translocation.

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in abrupt disruptions in teaching and learning activities in higher education, with students from diverse programs suffering varying levels of anxieties. The physical education field happens to be one of the most affected academic areas due to its experiential content as a medium of instruction. In this study, we investigated the roles of school climate and coping strategies in the relationship between COVID-19 related knowledge and anxiety. Through the census approach, a cross-sectional sample (...) of 760 students was administered a questionnaire in two universities offering Physical Education in Ghana: the University of Education, Winneba, and University of Cape Coast. The outcome of the study found a positive and significant link between COVID-19 knowledge and anxiety. Further, school climate and coping strategies significantly moderated the relationship between students’ COVID-19 knowledge and associated anxiety. The findings have implications for creating a conducive school environment that reduces the risk of COVID-19 infection and through students’ adoption of active coping strategies in an attempt to reduce psychological distress associated with COVID-19 anxiety. (shrink)

The volume brings together a collection of original papers on some of the main tenets of Joseph Raz's legal and political philosophy: Legal positivism and the nature of law, practical reason, authority, the value of equality, incommensurability, harm, group rights, and multiculturalism. James Griffin and Yael Tamir raise questions concerning Raz's notion of group rights and its application to claims of cultural and political autonomy, while Will Kymlicka and Bernhard Peters examine Raz's theory of multicultural society. Lukas Meyer investigates (...) the applicability of the notion of harm in the intergenerational context. Other papers are devoted to fundamental theoretical tenets of Raz's work. Hillel Steiner and Andrei Marmor examine Raz's account of value pluralism and incommensurability in light of what these authors consider to be goods whose equal distribution must be valued for its own sake. Robert Alexy and Timothy Endicott discuss traditional issues of jurisprudence and legal philosphy with special attention to Raz's contribution. Rüdiger Bittner, Bruno Celano, and J. E. Penner discuss and criticize aspects of Raz's theory of practical reason. Jeremy Waldron presents a critique of Raz's interpretation of authority.This volume concludes with a chapter by Joseph Raz in which he responds to arguments in the foregoing essays. (shrink)

Michel Foucault famously analysed orders of knowledge, ‘epistemes’, in past European ages. In this study, his analytical method is fruitfully applied to gaining a better understanding of business sustainability within and beyond the Modern episteme. After an introduction to the contextual background for the study, this article provides (i) a justification for the use of a Foucauldian epistemic analytical method, (ii) an outline of the method, (iii) an application of the method to identify four sets of questions (morality, specialisation, anthropologization (...) and mathematicization) that are both direct derivatives of the Modern episteme and problematic for sustainable development, and finally (iv) an application of the method to consider evidence for the emergence of a new episteme. Conclusions are also provided. (shrink)